云南省边境县域产业结构合理性评价

采用偏离-份额空间拓展模型对云南省25个边境县域产业结构进行分析,将产业结构类型划分为优势型、均衡型、劣势型,在此基础上利用产业结构有序度测度模型对3大类产业结构的合理性进行评价,结果表明:优势型产业结构县域产业结构相对合理,有待进一步调整;均衡型产业结构县域产业结构不够合理;劣势型产业结构县域产业结构极为不合理,县域经济增长点单一,基础薄弱,产业结构演进混乱.     

Quantification of fructan concentration in grasses using NIR spectroscopy and PLSR

Near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics was used to quantify fructan concentration in samples from seven grass species. Savitzky–Golay first derivative with filter width 7 and polynomial order 2 with mean centering was applied as a spectral pre-treatment method to remove unimportant baseline signals. In order to model the NIR spectroscopy data the partial least squares regression (PLSR) approach was used on the full spectra. Variable selection based on PLSR by jack-knifing within a cross-model validation (CMV) framework was applied in order to remove non-relevant spectral regions. PLSR was also used to model fructan concentrations from an augmented matrix [X|G], where X is spectra and G is correlation matrix of band specific information and X, in order to integrate the chemical band information in regression models. The present analysis showed that rapid quantification of fructans by NIR spectroscopy is possible and that jack-knifing PLSR within a CMV framework is an effective way to eliminate the wavelengths of no interest. Jack-knifing PLSR did not improve the predictive ability because the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) increased (1.37) compared to the full model (1.26). This was possibly due to signals from carbohydrates, which could act as cofactor in the prediction of fructans. However, jack-knifing PLSR within a CMV framework simplified the interpretation of the regression model with r² = 0.90 and RMSEP = 1.37.     

Alkaloids from the Mangrove-Derived Actinomycete Jishengella endophytica 161111

A new alkaloid, 2-(furan-2-yl)-6-(2S,3S,4-trihydroxybutyl)pyrazine (1), along with 12 known compounds, 2-(furan-2-yl)-5-(2S,3S,4-trihydroxybutyl)pyrazine (2), (S)-4-isobutyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-6-carbaldehyde (3), (S)-4-isopropyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-6-carbaldehyde (4), (4S)-4-(2-methylbutyl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-6-carbaldehyde (5), (S)-4-benzyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-6-carbaldehyde (6), flazin (7), perlolyrine (8), 1-hydroxy-β-carboline (9), lumichrome (10), 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde (11), 2-hydroxy-1-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanone (12), and 5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (13), were isolated and identified from the fermentation broth of an endophytic actinomycetes, Jishengella endophytica 161111. The new structure 1 and the absolute configurations of 2–6 were determined by spectroscopic methods, J-based configuration analysis (JBCA) method, lactone sector rule, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 8–11 were active against the influenza A virus subtype H1N1 with IC₅₀ and selectivity index (SI) values of 38.3(±1.2)/25.0(±3.6)/39.7(±5.6)/45.9(±2.1) μg/mL and 3.0/16.1/3.1/11.4, respectively. The IC₅₀ and SI values of positive control, ribavirin, were 23.1(±1.7) μg/mL and 32.2, respectively. The results showed that compound 9 could be a promising new hit for anti-H1N1 drugs. The absolute configurations of 2–5, ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data and the specific rotations of 3–6 were also reported here for the first time.     

“燕山早丰”板栗叶片DRIS营养诊断研究

通过对23个代表性栗园叶片矿质营养分析,采用诊断施肥综合法（DRIS）对迁西板栗 燕山早丰（Castanea mollissima cv. zaofeng）进行叶片营养诊断,旨在为迁西燕山早丰的营养诊断和平衡施肥提供参考。结果表明,1）迁西燕山早丰叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、B的适宜含量分别为 （1.9970.169）%、（0.1300.012）%、（0.5710.059）%、（1.2950.112）%、（0.6790.075）%、685.87576.159 mg/kg、593.780131.690 mg/kg、 12.7261.507 mg/kg、 43.4187.889 mg/kg。 2）初步制定了DRIS指数分级标准,提出了燕山早丰板栗园N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、B的DRIS指数适宜范围分别为: -2.267 ~1.894、-2.157~ 2.108、-2.080~ 2.450、-1.719~1.224、-3.960~2.962、-1.807 ~1.510、 -3.002~4.079、 -0.826~0.943、 -2.127~2.773。3）不同地区代表性栗园的养分需求顺序不同,养分不平衡指数（NII）与板栗园产量间呈极显著负相关关系（P0.01）,迁西县西北和西南地区的板栗园普遍存在Mn缺乏的问题。4）相关分析显示,7月中旬叶片矿质元素间的正相关和负相关关系均未达到显著水平（P0.05）,是夏季追肥的理想时期,可避免因元素间拮抗作用导致的肥效损失。     

硫酸根离子添加顺序对可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子的影响

研究了SO2-4添加顺序对三种可变电荷土壤(昆明铁质砖红壤、徐闻砖红壤和江西红壤)吸附Cu2+的影响,作为对照,也研究了其对恒电荷土壤(黄棕壤、棕壤)以及两种不同矿物(高岭石与针铁矿)吸附铜离子的影响。实验结果表明,在同等条件下,SO2-4添加顺序对两类表面性质不同的土壤吸附Cu2+有着不同的影响。对于恒电荷土壤,SO2-4添加顺序对土壤吸附Cu2+几乎没有影响。同等pH条件下,对可变电荷表面而言,加入CuSO4者具有最高的Cu2+吸附率;对昆明砖红壤、徐闻砖红壤以及针铁矿和高岭石而言,先加入Cu2+者相对先加入SO2-4者Cu2+吸附率更高;对江西红壤而言,上述这个次序则刚好相反。SO2-4浓度和有机质去除对同等pH条件下铜离子吸附率高低的排序并无实质性影响。     

昼夜不对称增温对冬小麦花后冠层反射光谱特性的影响

全球变暖具有明显的昼夜不对称性,温度升高影响冬小麦的生长发育,也改变了其冠层的光谱反射特性。为了研究昼夜不对称增温对冬小麦冠层反射光谱特性的影响,在南京采用开放式田间增温系统,开展昼夜不对称增温的人工控制试验,利用FieldSpec Pro FR光谱仪测定了2个冬小麦品种扬麦15和徐麦31的冠层反射光谱,分析了冬小麦开花后冠层光谱反射率和一阶导数光谱,比较了2种增温方式对冠层反射光谱特性的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,昼夜不对称增温处理(白天增温1℃,夜间增温3℃,T2)的冬小麦冠层反射率,在近红外波段的下降最为显著,且以开花期的冬小麦冠层近红外波段反射率降低幅度最大。昼夜对称增温处理(白天增温2℃,夜间增温2℃,T1)下的冬小麦冠层反射率变化与T2处理后的变化相似,但其反射率降低幅度小于T2处理。在开花期,扬麦15在CK、T1、T2处理下近红外波段反射率分别为0.70、0.61、0.55,而徐麦31在CK、T1、T2处理下近红外波段反射率分别为0.65、0.60、0.52。由一阶导数光谱可以发现,T1、T2处理下,扬麦15红边位置由738 nm变为花后20 d的731和730 nm,俆麦31表现相同的规律。T1和T2处理也使得红边峰值下降,在开花期红边峰值下降幅度最大,且T2处理下降幅度较T1处理更大。与光谱反射率变化相对应,T1和T2均使2品种的叶绿素质量分数和叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)显著降低,以T2处理降低幅度最大。因此,昼夜不对称增温影响了冬小麦LAI、叶绿素质量分数、细胞结构和衰老程度,进而表现出冬小麦冠层反射光谱反射率的下降。     

施污土壤与污泥中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布

污泥中的重金属元素是限制其大规模农田利用的重要因素。施污土壤和污泥中重金属的形态研究可以用来评价土壤中重金属的生物有效性以及它们在土壤中的移动性。用修正BCR三步连续提取法进行分步提取研究了污水污泥和施污后的西红柿地土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布状况。施用污泥堆肥10t hm-2后的土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的全量与各种形态含量无明显增加,Cu、Pb、Zn含量远低于国家土壤环境质量标准。土壤中Cu的各种形态分布关系是:残渣态>可还原态=可氧化态>可交换态和弱酸溶解态,Cu在土壤中的存在是以最稳定的残渣态为主。堆肥污泥与干化污泥相比,残渣态Cu的比例明显增加。土壤中Pb的各种形态分布关系是以残渣态和可还原态为主,但可氧化态的分布比例最小。土壤中Cd的可交换态、可还原态和残渣态各占据相等的含量,但可氧化态Cd的含量几乎为零。Zn在土壤中的各种形态分布关系是:可交换态和弱酸溶解态>可氧化态>可还原态>残渣态,Zn在土壤中的存在是以最易迁移的可交换态和弱酸溶解态为主。这些金属元素在土壤中的相对稳定性顺序为:Cu>Pb>Cd>Zn。Zn在土壤中的移动性要远高于Cu。     

中国东北地区2007-2010年植被覆盖度及其变化

为研究中国东北地区植被覆盖变化特征,基于MODIS归一化植被指数(INDV)月合成数据,利用双组分线性混合模型估算中国东北地区2007-2010年植被覆盖度(fc),并对4年间植被覆盖度时空变化规律进行分析.结果表明:(1)中国东北地区植被覆盖度整体处于较高水平,植被覆盖度平均在70%以上,并呈现出东高西低的分布特征;(2)2007-2011年,中国东北地区年最大植被覆盖度总体较稳定并有一定增长趋势,以稳定和轻微恢复为主.稳定及轻微恢复的面积占总面积的90%以上,出现了不同程度退化的面积在10%以下,主要出现在内蒙古自治区东北部以及中部,其原因与该地过度放牧等有关;(3)中国东北地区2007-2010的植被覆盖度变化波动不大,相对稳定;(4)中国东北地区2007-2010年间植被覆盖状况呈良性发展趋势.     

传统文化的嬗变与农村社会秩序重建

中国社会正处于从传统到现代的转型期,即由共同体本位的社会转变为个人本位的社会,这个过程离不开小共同体的发展。近代以来,大共同体本位下形成的传统文化受到西方文化的剧烈冲击而发生嬗变,小共同体所形成的农村社会秩序也发生了变迁。从传统文化的三个层面即技术、制度、观念与农村社会秩序的经济、家族、礼治的对应关系中分析传统文化嬗变对农村社会秩序变迁的影响,得出凡是能发扬与人们日常生活联系紧密或承载人性伟大的传统文化都拥有顽强生命力的结论。由这类文化培养的民间精英在农村基层治理中将使传统文化获得新生和农村社会秩序得到重建。     

Dominance and Leadership: Useful Concepts in Human–Horse Interactions?

Dominance hierarchies in horses primarily influence priority access to limited resources of any kind, resulting in predictable contest outcomes that potentially minimize aggressive encounters and associated risk of injury. Levels of aggression in group-kept horses under domestic conditions have been reported to be higher than in their feral counterparts but can often be attributed to suboptimal management. Horse owners often express concerns about the risk of injuries occurring in group-kept horses, but these concerns have not been substantiated by empirical investigations. What has not yet been sufficiently addressed are human safety aspects related to approaching and handling group-kept horses. Given horse's natural tendency to synchronize activity to promote group cohesion, questions remain about how group dynamics influence human–horse interactions. Group dynamics influence a variety of management scenarios, ranging from taking a horse out of its social group to the prospect of humans mimicking the horse's social system by taking a putative leadership role and seeking after an alpha position in the dominance hierarchy to achieve compliance. Yet, there is considerable debate about whether the roles horses attain in their social group are of any relevance in their reactions to humans. This article reviews the empirical data on social dynamics in horses, focusing on dominance and leadership theories and the merits of incorporating those concepts into the human–horse context. This will provide a constructive framework for informed debate and valuable guidance for owners managing group-kept horses and for optimizing human–horse interactions.